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RARE DISEASE HOW TO DIAGNOSE RARE DISEASES AND HOW TO TREAT THEM! 1. SICKLE cell anemia is diagnosed with a physical exam, blood test and genetics test.   TREATMENT: there is no single cure for sickle cell disease, but there are treatments that can help manage symptoms; it included medication, blood transfusion, and stem cell transplant.   The medicine: 1: hydroxyurea (droxiahydrea)  it reduced the frequency of pain crisis and might reduce the need for transfusion. 2: Crizantizima (Adaveo)  this is medicine, given by injection, can help reducing pain crisis in adults and child older than 16 yrs . 3: Voxelotor ( oxbryta), : this  medicine is used to treat sickle cell disease in adults and children older than 12 yrs.   2. Ehlers Danlos syndrome  Diagnosis EDS is primarily made through a physical examination assessing for symptoms like extremely loose joints, stretchy or fragile skin, and a detailed family history.   TREATMENT: there is no cure for Ehlers Danlos syndrome, but treatments can help you manage your symptoms and prevent further complications.   Medication are:  1: acetaminophen  2: ibuprofen  3: naproxen sodium.   3 HEMOPHILIA diagnosis is using a combination of blood test family history, and a physical exam . TREATMENT : the main treatment for serve hemophilia involves replacing the clotting factor you need through a tube in a vein.   Medication are:  -Emicizumab(Hemlibra) and Advise.   4. Epilepsy DIAGNOSIS The specialist may suggest having a test to check your brain activity called an electroencephalogram (EEG), or a brain scan to look for any problem in your brain. But if these tests do not show anything, it’s still possible you have epilepsy, and you may be diagnosed just based on your symptoms.   NURSING MANAGEMENT OF EPILEPSY (During tonic-clonic onset epileptic seizure)   •Alert: Notify the doctor on duty. •Administer oxygen •Guarantee the patency of the airways;•Protect the patient •Identify that it is a tonic-clonic epileptic seizure.   EPILEPSY MEDICATION Common types are:(1)Topiramate(2)Levetiracetam(3)Lamotrigine (4)Sodium valproate(5)Carbamazepine VAIPROIC ACID (Depakote): this is a standard broad-spectrum AED (treats all types of seizure) and no other AED is more effective for generalized seizure types and it’s the best medicine for the treatment of epilepsy

TOOTHACHE OUTLINE OF A TOOTHACHE INTRODUCTION TO TOOTHACHE HISTORY OF TOOTHACHE DEFINITION OF TOOTHACHE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS CAUSES EXAMINATION DIAGNOSIS TREATMENTS HOME REMEDIES FOUR MAIN STRUCTURE OF TOOTHACHE WHAT ARE THE FOUR SIDES OF THE TOOTHACHE ⁸ ? PREVENTION   1. HISTORY OF TOOTHACHE This are marked by a variety of remedies, beliefs, and treatments, from an incient times to the present day. The known mention of tooth decay and toothache occurs on a sumerian clay tablet now referred to as the legend of worm.   2. DEFINITION A toothache is a pain or inflammation in or around a tooth, or in the gums, jaw ear, or head. It can also be caused by dental issues like cavities or infections , or by other conditions that cause oain to be referred to the teeth.   3. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS – The pain can be consist throbbing, or it may come and go. – It can also affect your head, ear and jaw. _ If you have toothache, you may also have swelling around your tooth and inside your mouth.   4. CAUSES – TOOTHACHE DECAY: Also known as dental cavities, tooth decay is often caused by poor dental hygiene, but can also be inherited. – INFECTION: An infection in the tooth or gums. – GRINDING TEETH: Also known a bruxism. – REFERRED PAIN: Pain in other parts of the body, like an ear ache.– CRACKED OR DAMAGED TOOTH: This are refer to a tooth that has a fracture or visible damage on it’s surface. – A LOOSE OR BROKEN FILLING: This refers to a dental filling that has become detached from the tooth, either partially or completely, creating a gap where bacteria can enter and potentially cause tooth decay. – GUM DISEASE: A serious gum infection that damage gums and can destroy the jawbone.   4. EXAMINATION – Looking for areas or decay, swelling, or redness. – Probing your teeth with dental instrumentation. – Tapping on your teeth to identify the source of pain. – Applying cold your teeth to replicate your response. – X-rays periodical X-rays and panoramic X-rays of your teeth and jaw.   5. DIAGNOSIS: A dentist can diagnose a toothache by asking about your symptoms, examining your teeth, taking X-rays either a dental or endodontist can diagnosed a toothache.   6. TREATMENT – Filling, crowns, root canal therapy, tooth extraction, antibiotics and gum treatment must use regularly. – Rinse your mouth with warm water. – Floss your remove food & plaque. – Take a pain reliever, like Ibuprofen or paracetamol. – Take a Pain-Relieving gel. – Eat soft food. – Avoid smoking.   7. HOME REMEDIES: -Using salt water to Rinse reduce cavities -Salt water helps reduce inflammation. – It helps to kill bacteria. – It helps heal cavities naturally. – Using tooth paste that contains fluoride. E.g Parodontax.   8. FOUR MAIN STRUCTURE OF TOOTHACHE – Enamel:Is the hardest substance in the human body & serves as the wear resistant outer layer of the dental crown. – DENTIN: IS a hard, yellowish tissues that make up the majority of a tooth’s structure. It’s located beneath the enamel and above the dental pulp. – CEMENTUM:is a mineralised tissue that covers the root of a tooth and helps keep it in place in the jawbone. It’s part of the periodontium, which is the group of tissues that support the tooth. – PULP: Is the soft, inner most layer of your tooth that contain nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. It’s what keeps your tooth alive by supplying nutrients & oxygen.   9. WHAT ARE THE FOUR SIDES OF THE TOOTH SPECIFIC NAMES. – Mesial (Forward side) – Distal ( Back side) – Buccal (Cheek side) – Lingual (Tongue side)   10. PREVENTION: – Can prevent most dental problems by brushing and flossing regularly– Using mouth wash and having your teeth checked and cleaned twice a year. 11. THERE ARE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF TEETH. – Incisors – Canines – Premolars – Molars. The Permanent dentition is thus made of four incisors, two canines, four premolars and six molars.   12. TOOTH FUNCTION – Incisors are shaped like small chisels and have sharp edges for biting in your food. – Canines have a sharp, pointly surface for tearing food. – Premolars have flat surface with ridges for crushing and grinding food. – Molars grind up food in to smaller pieces to help people swallow easily.   Note: Typically children have 20 teeth. (28 if the wisdom teeth are removed). Remember that each one of them needs your care, even baby teeth.